I believe there was mention of vulkan being around at the time of the legions being split into chapters, so i think he survived the masacre. If i remember right there was something about him getting carted away to escape after being wounded in the novel so im fairly certain he made it off planet.
Vulkan is going to return when the salamanders finish find the artefacts he left behind if you ask me! Having read the first of the salamander novels too it would be nice to see it have something to do with dakir but thats never gonna happen as it will be a long time before games workshop decides to use all this mysticism theyve built up around the emperor and the end times and stuff.